The Moon is the Earth's satellite
The moon revolves around the Earth and cannot fly away anywhere, because the Earth attracts it. And she is always turned to us with the same side. The moon is much smaller than our planet, it is like an apple next to a watermelon or like an average dog next to a person. And the distance from the Earth to the Moon is thirty times the size of the Earth itself. If we could go to our companion by car, the journey would take six months.
The Moon itself cannot shine; it is cold and covered with a thick layer of cosmic dust. But it reflects the light of the Sun - that’s why we see it glowing in the sky. If you take a ball and call it the Moon, then take a flashlight and name it the Sun, then you can figure it out. When we shine a flashlight on the ball, on one side it appears round and bright, like the Moon on a full moon. But on the other hand, it is dark and unlit, like the Moon on moonless nights. And if we look at the ball from the side, we will see the illuminated part of the surface - like the “month” of the Moon in its growing or aging phase.
What to watch and read: films “In the Shadow of the Moon”, “Why do we need the Moon?” Book by E. Kachur “Fascinating astronomy. Children's encyclopedias with Chevostik."
What to give to a space loverWe will tell you in more detail and with pictures what cosmic things you can buy for your child in children’s stores today. |
Progress of the conversation:
Educator. Guys, do you know that our country celebrates April 12 (children’s answers)
.
Today we will talk about how people began to explore outer
space and why
April
12 became a holiday. Guys, tell me, who is Yu. A. Gagarin? (answers
children). On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yu
.
A. Gagarin
launched from
Baikonur
cosmodrome Vostok spacecraft and for the first time in the world made an orbital flight around the planet Earth.
The flight in near-Earth space
lasted 108 minutes.
Guys, we also have heroes who flew into space
and returned safely to earth.
They flew into space before Yu
.
A. Gagarin. Who guessed who we were talking about? (children's answers)
.
That's right! This is Belka and Strelka. of Cosmonautics
well .
On August 19, 1960, the second spacecraft
into Earth orbit.
The launch took place from Cosmodrome
at 15:44.
The weight of the satellite ship without the last stage of the launch vehicle was 4.6 tons. On board the spacecraft
were Belka and Strelka, as well as mice, insects, plants, fungal cultures, seeds of corn, wheat, peas, onions, some types of microbes and other living ones creatures.
On August 20, 1960, the lander with animals on board landed safely. The flight of Strelka and Belka lasted more than 25 hours. During this time, the satellite ship made 17 complete orbits around the Earth. The successful journey of Belka and Strelka proved the ability of living organisms to withstand all the factors of space flight
. The dogs, returning to Earth, became real heroes.
Guys, do you know what the solar system is? (children's answers)
.
The solar system consists of planets that revolve around our sun. In addition to planets, the Solar System also consists of moons, comets, asteroids, minor planets, dust and gas. Everything in the solar system revolves around the sun. The Sun contains about 98% of the mass of all objects in the Solar System. The larger an object, the greater the force of gravity it has. The Sun is so huge that its powerful gravity attracts all other objects in the solar system. Does anyone know how many planets revolve around the sun? (children's advice)
. 9 planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
What is the moon? (children's answers)
. The Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth; it revolves around our planet for at least 4 billion years. This is a stone ball about four times the size of the Earth. The moon revolves around the Earth, and the Earth revolves around the Sun. While our planet orbits the Sun. 1 year passes for us, the Earth also rotates around its axis in 24 hours.
Lesson summary
:
Guys, our lesson has come to an end.
. We repeated what we knew and learned a lot of new things!
Russia, as a space power, has a large number of achievements in the field of astronautics. Let's remember the main milestones in the history of Russian space science and practice.
Humanity has long dreamed of flying to the stars, of soaring beyond the Earth. Since time immemorial, people have fantasized about flying to the Moon, to the planets of the solar system, to distant mysterious worlds.
In 1911, the prophetic thought of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky sounded: “Humanity will not remain forever on Earth, but, in pursuit of light and space, it will first timidly penetrate beyond the atmosphere, and then conquer the entire circumsolar space.”
Tsiolkovsky is called the “father of astronautics”, “the founder of astronautics”. A self-taught teacher from Kaluga, Konstantin Eduardovich devoted his life to the study of space and interplanetary communications. He was the first ideologist and theorist of human exploration of outer space. Tsiolkovsky's famous works on aviation, rocket navigation and space flight have become classics of technical thought.
Korolev Sergey Pavlovich
- a leading scientist and designer in the field of rocketry and space research, academician, twice hero of socialist labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize. He stood at the origins of Russian cosmonautics. Korolev is the Chief Designer, under his leadership satellites and spaceships were created.
On this day, a message was heard on the Moscow radio air: “...As a result of a lot of hard work by research institutes and design bureaus, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was created. On October 4, 1957, the first satellite was successfully launched... Currently, the satellite describes elliptical trajectories around the Earth... Artificial Earth satellites will pave the way for interplanetary travel..."
.
The message from Radio Moscow was immediately repeated by all radio stations in the world. The Russian word “sputnik” was heard on different continents and in different languages of the planet.
The conquest of space has begun - a new era in the history of earthly civilization. For the first time, a man-made aircraft flew into space and became an artificial celestial body.
Sputnik 1 went down in history as one of the greatest human creations of the 20th century. Western newspapers called him a “Russian miracle,” “a feat of which all humanity can be proud.”
Today the first satellite appears to us to be small and very simplified. A metal ball with a diameter of 58 cm and a weight of 83.6 kg contained two radio transmitters, its antennas had a length of 2.4 to 2.9 meters. But the launch of Sputnik marked a turning point in the development of science and technology. The first orbits of the satellite became the first steps of world astronautics.
And less than a month later, on November 3, 1957, a second satellite appeared in the sky. Sputnik 2 was equipped with various research instruments, onboard power supplies, recording equipment, and most importantly, it was inhabited. The dog Laika went into space in a special container installed on it.
Then there was the third satellite - a gigantic laboratory for that time with a total weight of 1327 kg.
Now there are many man-made devices orbiting the Earth, called satellites.
or artificial satellites. Some satellites collect and transmit information to scientists on Earth. Others pick up radio, television and telephone signals and send them through outer space to other points on Earth (satellite communications).
Moon exploration
1959 was called the year of the moon. In January, the first Soviet interplanetary station, Luna-1, went to the Moon. In September, the first flight from Earth to another celestial body - to the Moon - was made; the Luna-2 station delivered pennants there. In October, for the first time, man saw the far side of the Moon, which was photographed by the Luna-3 station.
Then there were several more launches to the Moon. Each team collected new rock samples and other data. Scientists are still studying moon rocks to better understand how the Moon was formed and how evolution took place here millions of years ago. This information can help unravel many of the mysteries of the formation of the Earth.
Man in space
Almost half a century has passed since the day when man first left his native planet - April 12, 1961
.
What does this day mean to us? Orange spacesuit, white pressure helmet, red letters “USSR”. And hands raised in a solemn farewell gesture. The mighty roar of engines. A flood of fire and smoke. Gagarin
resounding throughout the world .
In 2014, Yu.A. celebrated his 80th birthday. Gagarin
“Vostok” started at 9:07 am. The earth heard a voice from space and knew the situation. People from all continents watched the space flight with bated breath. At 10.55, Vostok and its pilot landed near the village of Smelovka, Saratov region. 108 minutes united the planet with a single concern for the fate of the hero, racing in the vastness of the Universe, and then with a single delight. "Triumph of the 20th century. A great achievement in history. Grandiose!”, “Major Gagarin has the honor of completing the most daring and fantastic journey ever undertaken by man,” the newspapers of the world wrote. Man burst into space, crossed the threshold of the inaccessible, circled his planet, looked at it from the side. Years and decades have passed, people have achieved new victories in space exploration. But the flight of Yuri Gagarin will forever remain the brightest event in the history of civilization.
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova
- the world's first female cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General. In June 1963, aboard Vostok 6, she took part in a group flight of two spacecraft at once. The flight lasted almost three days. Tereshkova’s call sign for the duration of the flight is “Seagull”; the phrase she said before the start: “Hey! Heaven, take off your hat!
Svetlana Evgenievna Savitskaya
(b. 1948) - Soviet cosmonaut, the second female cosmonaut in the world (the first was Valentina Tereshkova) and the first female cosmonaut in the world to go into outer space. The only woman twice Hero of the Soviet Union, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR (1970). Pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR (1982).
Elena Kondakova
- the third Russian female cosmonaut and the first woman to make a long flight into space.
Her first flight into space took place on October 4, 1994 as part of the Soyuz TM-20 expedition, returning to Earth on March 22, 1995 after a 5-month flight at the Mir orbital station.
Kondakova's second flight as a specialist on the American spacecraft Atlantis (shuttle) as part of the Atlantis expedition STS-84 took place in May 1997.
The first earthling to go into outer space was the Soviet cosmonaut A.A. Leonov.
This happened in March 1965.
But, as Gagarin said, these victories were not achieved without bloodshed. There were also tragic moments in the history of Russian cosmonautics.
On April 23, 1967, the Soyuz-1 satellite spacecraft flew with cosmonaut V.M. Komarov .
During the descent to Earth, the astronaut died due to a failure of the parachute system.
On June 6, 1971, the flight of cosmonauts V.N. took place. Volkova, G.T. Dobrovolsky and V.I. Patsaev on the Soyuz-11 satellite and the Salyut orbital station. During the descent to Earth, due to depressurization of the ship's cabin, the astronauts died.
The profession of an astronaut requires enormous courage, excellent physical fitness, and professionalism.
Space stations
The duration of space flights gradually increased from several hours to several months, a year or more. Astronauts can stay at space stations for a long time. Their life in space helps scientists on Earth better understand the influence of gravity and other features on the human body. The first such space laboratory was the Salyut station, launched in 1971. A total of 7 Salyuts were launched into orbit, which replaced and complemented each other.
1986 they were replaced by the Russian space station "Mir"
as more advanced and efficient. The Mir station is a whole hotel in orbit; its design allowed the simultaneous mooring of not two, but six spacecraft or special compartments - modules to the station at once. The Mir station carried out space service for 15 years. In 2001 it ceased to exist. After leaving orbit, it entered the dense layers of the atmosphere, part of it burned up, and part of it fell into the Pacific Ocean.
Currently, a joint project of 15 countries (Germany, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Russia, USA, Japan, etc.) is operating in orbit - the International Space Station
(ISS). It consists of large laboratories for international space research. The crew includes cosmonauts from countries participating in the project. Currently, 38 long-term expeditions have visited the ISS.
Space tourism is also actively developing. Many people are willing to pay a lot of money to see our blue planet with their own eyes from the window of a spaceship.
In November 2011, the 3rd stage of the Mars-500
, during which 6 crew members spent 520 days in isolation. The project simulated a manned flight to Mars, during which six volunteers were in a closed complex.
If we talk about the future, then the plans for further space exploration are grandiose. This includes an expedition to Mars, exploration of the Moon, and continued exploration of outer space in order to discover “brothers in mind.” Wait and see…
Goals:
Educational:
to form children’s understanding of planet Earth, to introduce the first cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin.
Developmental
: expand children’s ideas about the profession of pilot-cosmonaut,
stimulate the development of speech, memory, thinking, develop imagination, fantasy.
Educational:
to instill respect for the profession of pilot-cosmonaut, to teach respect for planet Earth.
Dictionary:
Earth, sky, star, planet, sun, moon, space, rocket, astronaut.
Material for the conversation
: image of the Earth, Sun, Moon, telescope, spacesuit. Photos of cosmonaut Yu. A. Gagarin, the first animals to be in space: Belki and Strelki.
Progress of the conversation
:
(The teacher begins the conversation) Earth is the planet on which we live, it is the only planet in the solar system on which life exists. People, plants and animals live on Earth because there is water and air. It revolves around the Sun and is the most beautiful and interesting of all the planets. The Sun is the closest star to Earth. Without the Sun there would be no life on Earth. Everything that happens on our planet is connected with the Sun: the change of day and night, the onset of winter or summer. During the day, the sun warms and illuminates our planet. All living things rejoice in sunlight and warmth. With the sunrise, nature awakens and comes to life.
In the evening we can see the moon and stars in the sky. The Moon is the Earth's satellite. It shines brightly in the night sky. People have always wanted to visit the moon, fly to the stars, and see the Earth from space.
Would you guys like to become astronauts?
Who are astronauts?
What do you think an astronaut should be like? (healthy, strong, knowledgeable, hardworking, courageous, resilient, etc.).
What can you see in the sky? (stars)
How many stars are there in the sky? (uncountable number)
The sky above our head is strewn with many stars. They look like small sparkling dots and are located far from the Earth. In fact, the stars are very large. And then one day, a man was looking at the starry sky and he wanted to know what kind of stars they were and why they were so bright. Scientists came up with special instruments - telescopes, observed and learned that there are other planets.
But people wanted to know if there was life on other planets. What creatures live there, are they similar to us, is there air on other planets. But to find out, you must fly to them. Airplanes were not suitable for this. Who knows why? (because the planets are very far away). And so scientists invented the first satellite, installed instruments on it and launched it into outer space. There were two dogs on board - a squirrel and an arrow, they successfully returned to Earth. And then in 1961, the first man went into space.
The first person who was able to go on a space journey was cosmonaut Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin. He made his flight on April 12, 1961 on a Vostok rocket. On this day our country Fr. This is a holiday of astronauts and people who participate in the creation of space rockets.
Let's play and form words from one family for the word "star".
How can you affectionately call a Star? (star)
If there are many Stars in the sky, then we will say what it is like? (stellar)
What is the name of the ship that flies to the stars? (starship)
What do they call a wizard in fairy tales who predicts the future from the stars? (astrologer)
Well done! Today you have learned a lot about space, astronauts, about our planet, and I think that you can be enrolled in the cosmonaut corps.
Educational conversation about space!
Natalya Dzhuraeva
Educational conversation about space!
Goals: to form in children the concepts of “space”, “universe”; find out what the Universe is; introduce the concepts of “stars”, “galaxy”; foster a belief in the value of collective work to achieve a common goal. Expand children's understanding of space flights; introduce children to the first “cosmonauts” Belka and Strelka. Introduce children to the first man to fly into space; cultivate interest in the astronaut profession; bring children to the understanding that only a healthy, educated, persistent and fearless person can be an astronaut; to instill in children pride in their country, love for their Motherland.
Unknown Universe
What can we see in the sky at night and during the day? (Sun, stars, moon.) All this is in outer space. The word "cosmos" means "everything in the world", "Universe" is everything that exists. The Earth is part of the Universe, just like the Sun, Moon and all other planets. Stars, clouds of gas and dust are also the Universe. Scientists use telescopes and robotic space stations to study the Universe. They believe that it was formed as a result of a huge explosion called the Big Bang. The Universe is continuously expanding, huge clusters of stars, called galaxies, are gradually moving away from each other. On a moonlit night you can see a white stripe running across the entire sky. This is the Milky Way - our galaxy is one of a million galaxies that has a spiral shape, similar to a propeller. Galaxies come in different shapes and sizes (illustrations of types of galaxies). We see stars in the night sky. They are very different in size and temperature. Stars are balls of fire, some hotter, others less so, which is why the stars have different colors. The hottest are white, slightly less hot are blue, then yellow and red. Which star is closest to us? The sun is a star. It is considered the closest star to us in the Universe. The sun is a ball consisting of hot, brightly glowing gases. It gives our planet light and warmth, without it there would be no life on Earth.
The first animals in space
Did you know that dogs followed mice into space? Not every dog is suitable for flying. She should be a little larger than a cat, weigh 4-6 kilograms, she
should be 2-3 years old, the coat should be light. Purebred dogs were not suitable for difficult tests. Affectionate, calm mongrels were best suited for space experiments. The dog squad trained every day. The dogs were taught not to be afraid of shaking and noise, to endure heat and cold, and at the signal of a light bulb - to eat. The smart and brave dog Laika was the best of all. A rocket was built for her, and on November 3, 1959, the brave scout flew into space (show a picture of Laika). And on August 9, 1960, the dogs Belka and Strelka flew into space from the Baikonur Cosmodrome (show pictures of Belka and Strelka). The dogs passed all types of tests. They could remain in the cabin for quite a long time without moving, and endure large overloads and vibrations. The animals were not afraid of sounds, they sat in their experimental equipment, making it possible to record the biocurrents of the heart, muscles, brain, blood pressure, and breathing patterns. Footage of the flight of Belka and Strelka was shown on television. It was clearly visible how they tumbled in weightlessness. And, if Strelka was wary of everything, Belka was joyfully furious and even barked. On August 20, it was announced that the descent module had made a soft landing, and the dogs Belka and Strelka returned safely to earth.
The first cosmonaut on Earth
On April 12, our country celebrates Cosmonautics Day. This holiday is primarily for astronauts. Astronauts are people who fly into outer space on rockets. Who knows who was the first astronaut to fly into space? (Children's answers.) Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934. Yuri spent his childhood in the village of Klushino. Yuri Gagarin graduated with honors from the pilot school. On April 12, 1961, the Vostok spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome. When Yuri Gagarin flew into space for the first time, the whole country watched his flight, all the people were worried. And when he landed, everyone rejoiced. People took to the streets of cities and celebrated. Everyone was proud that it was a Russian citizen who was the first in the world to fly into space. For this feat, Yu. A. Gagarin was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The day of the flight, April 12, was declared a holiday - Cosmonautics Day. After Yu. A. Gagarin’s flight, many cosmonauts visited space, including women. The world's first female cosmonaut is Valentina Tereshkova (portrait is shown). Many astronauts have flown into space more than once. Joint flights of astronauts from different countries are now being carried out. The work of astronauts is very dangerous. Their work was appreciated by our country: all cosmonauts were awarded high awards. Guys, I’ll tell you about the tests that astronauts must go through on Earth: Imagine if you were put in a large ball, and a huge giant began to throw it from one hand to another. How does this make you feel? And here’s another test - imagine that you were put in a chair, fastened with belts, and a machine would spin this chair with terrible force: up, down, back and forth. And guys, when the rocket takes off, it shakes a lot. To get used to this, the astronaut is put in a vibration machine, and the shaking begins so much that it doesn’t touch tooth to tooth. The tests are serious. Why do you think all astronauts cope with them? (trained, doing sports).
An astronaut must be fearless, why? (people don’t know what they might encounter in space, whether the rocket is working). What do astronauts do in space? (conduct scientific experiments, study the surface of the Earth, clarify the weather forecast, provide radio and television communications).
Earth is the planet on which we live
The teacher announces to the children that scientists have received and deciphered signals from space. In the first signal, the aliens report that they have sent their spaceships to different planets in search of friends and ask them to help their messengers if necessary. The second signal is someone asking for help. They have lost their way and ask to determine where their spaceships are. The deciphered signals are read out to the children, and whoever guesses which planet they are talking about goes there and sets up a sign with its name (a model of the Solar System and magnets with the names of the planets are used). When it comes to planet Earth, the teacher suggests looking at the globe and draws attention to the fact that it has more blue color. Find out what is indicated on the globe in blue and light blue. The teacher explains to the children that it is impossible to live without water, as well as without air and sunlight. Children board an improvised steamboat and begin a journey, first along the river, then along the sea and, finally, across the ocean, they find out why there is a lot of water on Earth, and it needs to be protected. Everyone lands on the island.
Why did people come up with constellations?
Since ancient times, people have looked at the sky and seen animals, birds and heroes from their myths and fairy tales. They seemed to be drawn with the help of stars, and such figures in the sky are called constellations. Each constellation had names, for example: Ursa Minor and Ursa Major, Cygnus, Pisces, Canis Minor. And the bright stars also have names: Altair, Vega, Betelgeuse. Stars in the same constellation are not necessarily close to each other, there can be huge distances between them, but from Earth it seems that they are nearby.
Each nation found its own constellation patterns in the sky and named them in its own way. Today we use the names that were invented by the ancient Greeks. People needed constellations not just for beauty - they helped them navigate while traveling, when there was no navigator or compass yet. For example, people knew that the North Star in the tail of Ursa Minor always points north.
What to watch and read: BBC series Stargazing. Book by A. Ganeri “Legends of the Night Sky”
Stunning photographs from the real life of astronauts, a selection of photographs of the Earth from space, spacewalks, experiments, docking of spacecraft - on the Roscosmos website
