Development of general speech skills in preschool children through speech therapy games

The first stage of speech development

This is the most important and most difficult period.
It starts with the baby crying and screaming. This is the first reflexive reaction of a little man to the world around him.

At about two months of age, the baby begins to “goog” and squeal. This will manifest itself when an adult tries to interact with a child.

By three months of life, “booming” appears. Simply put, these are the sounds: “a-a-a”, “gu-gu”, “a-gu”, etc.

By the eighth month, the baby begins to babble. He begins to correlate syllables with objects or actions (“ma” - mother, “ba-ba” - grandmother, “bi-bi” - car). With the help of babbling, the baby begins to feel the rhythm of speech and express emotions, including anger.

Closer to one year, the child begins to pronounce the first words, on average there are about 20 of them, and the baby understands a maximum of 50 words.

For some children, the pre-speech period lasts up to two years; they understand the requests of adults, but communicate only with babble and gestures. This is not a reason to sound the alarm and run to the doctors; usually babies remain silent, and then catch up or overtake those who spoke at the age of about a year. If a child has not spoken by the age of two and does not understand the requests of his parents, he should consult a speech therapist.

Pre-school period

From one and a half to three years, the baby masters intonation, pronounces words better, tries to compose monosyllabic sentences, has a vocabulary of up to 1000 words, and tries to imitate adults.

At the age of 2-2.5 years, the child begins to combine words into short sentences, although without appropriate grammatical design. But with normal speech development during this period, children themselves begin to correctly use grammatical basics.

In the preschool period, the pronunciation of vowels and consonants is actively formed. By the age of two, adjectives appear in the child’s vocabulary, most often in the form of the nominative case, masculine or feminine, but without agreement with nouns. If a child aged 2.5 - 3 years is at the level of only babbling and does not combine words into sentences, this should become an alarming symptom for parents and a reason to contact a speech therapist.

Preschool period

At the age of three to four years, a child knows up to 2000 words, can put together common sentences, and uses adjectives. During this period, difficulties usually arise with the pronunciation of the letters “l” and “r”.

From four to five years old, children are at the peak of curiosity, they ask a lot of questions, their vocabulary is up to 3,000 words. Kids name objects and characterize them, skillfully use intonation, read poetry well, their speech becomes clear, and its speed gradually develops.

At the age of five to six years, a child already confidently pronounces hissing and whistling sounds, uses compound and complex sentences, defines words, and declines them by case.

At the age of six to seven years, the child uses all parts of speech, uses the names of the days of the week and months, his speech is coherent and understandable. T. B. Filicheva, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences and Professor of the Department of Speech Therapy, notes that if during this period the child does not inflect words into cases (for example, uses phrases like “my mother and I went to the store”), misses prepositions and conjunctions, then we need to send him to a speech therapist.

School stage

During this period of life, the child improves coherent speech and forms written language. At this stage, children acquire language without much effort. In the period up to twelve years, the child actively forms speech and becomes familiar with written language. At this moment, parents are able to influence the development of the child’s speech. After 12 years, and sometimes even earlier, a teenager becomes familiar with profanity, enriches his speech with filler words, uses slang, etc.

Speech formation: stages and recommendations

As the child grows and develops, he first pronounces individual sounds, then simple words (for example, “mom” or “dad”), and only then learns to speak more complex words. Speech development is a fascinating process that parents watch with great interest.

Speech development plays an important role in the overall development of the child. Knowing the specifics of this process and its main stages, you can understand how developed your child’s speech skills are. Let's take a closer look at them.

Speech development in a child

The foundations of speech are laid in a child during the first year of life, and the first three years of life are decisive in the development of speech skills. These skills develop in an atmosphere in which the child hears the sounds and speech of other people. Children under three years of age perceive language best, so developing speech skills at this age is extremely important.

Babies communicate by crying, for example when they are hungry or want their parents to come to them. As they develop, they learn to hear and understand the sounds of language and can express themselves using single words and short one-syllable sentences. The rate of development of speech skills is individual for each child.

Stages of development of language skills in children

Pre-speech stage

At this stage, the child learns to communicate with others. Most children begin to communicate with their parents at about one year of age. By this time, children understand most of what their parents tell them and can express their needs by pointing to specific objects.

It should also be noted that not all children develop language skills in the same sequence.

3–4 years

At the age of 3–4 years, a child usually has long and interesting, although sometimes meaningless, conversations with his parents. At this age, children's vocabulary increases and they begin to understand the basics of the grammatical structure of the language. They talk a lot and enjoy long conversations.

At this stage, there are certain indicators that indicate the child’s normal speech development:

1. The child quickly learns new words.

2. The child uses plural nouns, but may use verb forms incorrectly (for example, he may say “sells” instead of “sells”).

3. A three-year-old child speaks almost clearly and coherently:

• makes sentences of four or more words;
• knows and understands children's poems;
• uses pronouns correctly.

4. The speech of a four-year-old child is completely understandable, but sometimes there are minor inaccuracies. At this age the child:

• uses long and complex sentences;
• can tell long stories with the correct sequence of events;
• asks a lot of questions. The child’s speech is clear and understandable, without gross errors.

During preschool age, children typically have longer, more complex conversations with their parents.

5–8 years

By age 5, a child typically speaks grammatically correctly and demonstrates a large vocabulary. By age six, children can write simple stories and understand how sounds form words.

The indicators of a child’s speech development at this stage are as follows:

1. At the age of five, a child usually forms sentences grammatically correctly, but sometimes makes grammatical errors.

2. Five year old child:

• has a more extensive vocabulary;
• can express his point of view in discussions.

3. By the age of six, a child understands about 13,000 words.

4. A six-year-old child uses pronouns correctly and understands the difference between them.

5. By the age of seven, a child understands 20,000 to 26,000 words and can recognize errors in other people's speech.

6. At the age of eight, children make very few grammatical errors. They can have meaningful conversations with adults and follow complex instructions without repetition. They can read age-appropriate texts and write simple essays.

These are the main stages of children's speech development. However, some children reach certain milestones earlier and others later than usual. As long as you see progress in the child’s speech development, albeit small, there is no reason to worry. However, sometimes a child may not understand what is being said to him and may also have difficulty expressing his thoughts. This may indicate a language disorder in the child. Although such disorders can be a serious problem, they are treatable.

Speech disorders in children

To develop language skills, a child must have listening, understanding and remembering skills. Also, the child must be able to structure his speech. If these skills are not developed, it may be associated with speech disorders.

According to statistics, symptoms of various speech disorders are observed in 5% of all children. Speech disorders in children are different from speech defects, which involve the child's inability to articulate certain speech sounds. With speech disorders, children reproduce sounds normally and their speech is understandable. However, they face difficulties understanding the speech of others (receptive language) or expressing their own thoughts (expressive language).

How to determine if a child has problems with speech development?

Children suffering from receptive language disorder (also medically known as sensory alalia) may have difficulty with:

• understanding the speech of others;
• following instructions;
• organizing your thoughts.

Children with expressive language disorder (also known as motor alalia) have difficulty expressing their thoughts and needs:

• their sentences may be short and simple, and their speech unstructured;
• their vocabulary may be significantly smaller than that of their peers;
• It can be difficult for them to find the right word, they are able to fill pauses with various sounds or filler words (“umm”, “nuuu”, etc.);
• they may use grammatical forms of words incorrectly;
• they can repeat the same phrases in the same story.

One of the most serious language disorders is specific speech disorder:

• children have delayed speech development (for example, they may not be able to speak until they are three years old);
• at the age of three they may not speak clearly enough;
• Children are susceptible to difficulties using verbs in speech. This is the hallmark of a specific speech disorder;
• children may miss auxiliary verbs in sentences;
• Children confuse verb tenses.

Causes of speech disorders

Sometimes a child cannot develop speech production, listening, understanding and remembering skills for various reasons:

• The child does not hear enough live speech in everyday life. The more a child is immersed in a language environment, the faster he develops speech skills;
• some children experience difficulties only in the development of speech, while other areas of the psyche develop normally;
• The causes of expressive speech disorder are not fully understood. But sometimes such a disorder is associated with developmental delays;
• receptive language disorder can be caused by genetic disorders;
• mixed speech disorders can be caused by traumatic brain injuries;
• speech disorders can occur in children with developmental delays, autism spectrum disorders and hearing problems;
• A speech disorder such as aphasia (impairment of already formed speech) can occur due to damage to the central nervous system.

If your child has difficulty developing speech even at age three or older, consult a doctor to identify and promptly treat possible health problems.

Diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders

• the doctor should examine the family's medical history to find out whether family members have had speech disorders;
• the doctor can conduct tests for the child on the level of development of receptive and expressive speech;
• A hearing test or audiometry can help determine whether your child has hearing problems.

Speech therapy is the best way to treat speech disorders. Consultations with a psychologist or psychotherapist are also recommended, because speech disorders can lead to psychological problems.

How to develop speech in a child: useful tips

1. Talk to your child . Talk to him about general topics as much as possible. For example, you can start a conversation with abstract phrases: “We are going for a walk in the park. Do you see how the birds fly? Do you feel how the flowers smell?”

2. Read books to your child. It's never too early to start reading books to your child. Start with books for little ones, then as your child gets a little older, move on to fairy tales and short children's stories.

3. Turn on your child’s TV and computer as little as possible. Do not introduce your child to electronic devices from early childhood. To develop speech skills, a child needs to interact with people and hear live speech. TV cannot provide him with this.

4. Go for walks with your child. A walk to the park or museum together can open up a whole new world for him. The more a child interacts with the world around him, the more curious he becomes and the more questions he asks. You can talk to your child, encouraging him to share new experiences.

5. Set a good example . When talking to your child, stand opposite him. Speak slowly and clearly. If a child says a word incorrectly, do not scold him, but correct him by saying the word correctly. Knowing how to pronounce a word correctly, the child will learn.

6. Remember that you and your child have different levels of speech development. Don't use words or phrases that your child won't understand. If you nevertheless utter some word that is incomprehensible to the child, explain its meaning.

7. Adapt to the child. If he initiates the conversation, let him talk and explain. Support your child in such situations: even a simple pat on the shoulder will give him self-confidence.

8. Speak and repeat . If your child pronounces a word correctly, repeat it several times in different sentences to help him understand its meaning better.

9. Learn new words with picture books. Buy some picture books and help them learn new simple words (eg ball, tree, etc.). After that, show the picture that matches this word. Discuss the picture with your child.

10. Teach your child new words. Teach your child new words from time to time. Invite your child to come up with a sentence with a new word. It doesn’t matter if the child doesn’t immediately understand a new word. Sooner or later he will learn to use it correctly.

11. Ask your child questions. Do everything you can to help your child develop language skills. If you are walking in the park, find something that interests your child. Ask him questions and invite him to tell you what he sees.

12. Sing songs to your child and read poetry. The rhymes that are in poems and songs help the child better learn new words.

Bilingual atmosphere and child speech development

Sometimes it happens that a child grows up in an environment where two or more languages ​​are spoken. And parents worry: will this situation lead to speech disorders in the child?

Experts answer this question unequivocally: no. Until recently, parents were encouraged to speak one language in front of their child. Psychologists believed that a bilingual environment could interfere with a child's ability to acquire language. It was also believed that a child learns to speak faster and easier in the language that is heard more often in the child’s environment. However, such assumptions have not found scientific confirmation. Moreover, there are many examples of young children growing up in a bilingual environment and successfully acquiring both languages.

If your child suffers from some type of developmental delay, don't despair. Spend more time developing his speech skills. If your efforts are not enough, seek professional help to cope with speech disorders.

Related links:

• The main stages of speech development in children
• Simple ways to teach a child to speak
• Speech development in a child: how to speed it up
• How to help a child start talking?
• Speech delay: myths and facts
• More articles on child development

Speech development tasks

The psycho-speech development of a child occurs, first of all, due to the natural processes of maturation of the body and the formation of personality. Everything that a baby unconsciously guides while exploring the world is his needs. Adults understand perfectly well that a child must cover a considerable distance in speech development in just a few years. By the time it is time to go to school, a preschooler needs to:

• Know and use many words
• Speak clearly and coherently
• Using speech, receive various cognitive information
• Communicate with peers and adults

The listed tasks are the most important in the speech development of preschool children. They are resolved gradually at each age stage.

Norms of speech development in a preschooler from 3 to 7 years old

The results of studies of the speech of preschoolers make it possible to establish average indicators. Let's consider what levels of speech development are expected at each age stage - for younger, middle and older preschoolers. For convenience, we present the data in a table.

Table. Approximate norms for speech development of preschool children