The world around us 1st grade textbook Pleshakov part 1 answers page 35

The most complex form of speech activity is connected speech . In the process of speech development of a child, the leading role is played by the development of coherent speech. This contributes to the improvement of its other aspects.

Coherent speech in children without speech pathology occurs simultaneously with the development of activity, thinking and communication with people around them.

In children with general speech underdevelopment, the process of forming coherent speech is disrupted. This is due to the underdevelopment of the leading components of the language system: phonetic-phonemic and lexical-grammatical. Therefore, such children have significant difficulties in mastering coherent speech skills. For the second time, additional difficulties arise: deviations in the development of mental processes (memory, attention, perception). But thanks to the system of correctional classes, you can catch up.

Signs

Feather cover and the ability to fly are the main characteristics of birds. These are warm-blooded animals that can maintain a constant body temperature of 40°C. The skin is dry, devoid of glands (except for the coccygeal gland in waterfowl). The presence of a beak is a distinctive feature of birds. Feathers, scales on the legs, claws and beak covers - horny formations, skin appendages (Fig. 2).

Adaptations of birds for flight:

1. The body is streamlined to reduce friction.
2. Strongly developed pectoral muscles set the wings in motion.
3. The feather cover creates a flying surface.
4. The skeleton is strong and light (tubular bones are hollow).
5. The forelimbs are transformed into wings.
6. The lantern helps with landing.
7. The tail is the rudder in flight.
8. The jaws are devoid of teeth.

Rice. 2. Signs of birds

Birds have distinctive features in the structure of their respiratory and digestive organs, which are associated with the ability to fly. The beaks of insectivorous birds are thin, sharp, while those of granivorous birds are strong, cone-shaped. Large sizes and a strong beak, often curved down, distinguish daytime and nocturnal birds of prey.

In temperate latitudes, the dependence of bird life on seasonal changes in nature is more pronounced. There is a period of preparation for reproduction, which in most birds is associated with the construction of a nest or nesting. After hatching, post-breeding molt occurs. The final periods in the annual cycle are preparation for winter and wintering. As the seasons of the year and food resources change, birds migrate (Scheme 1).

Scheme 1.

Groups of birds according to the nature of their migrations during the season

Migratory birds migrate thousands and tens of thousands of kilometers from their nesting sites in the fall. Flights to warmer regions take place along the same routes. Scientists study the migration directions of birds using ringing: they attach a light metal ring to the bird’s tarsus indicating the number, city and country.

“Compiling a story-description of wild animals according to a visual plan”

Lesson objectives:

Educational:

• improve the ability to write a descriptive story based on a visual plan;
• select attributes for words, coordinate adjectives with nouns in gender;
• activate vocabulary on the lexical topic “Wild Animals”;

Correctional and developmental:

• development of coherent speech;
• fine motor skills;
• visual attention and memory;
• logical thinking.

Educational:

• instilling discipline,
• ability to listen to others.

Equipment: plan diagram, ball, magic bag, pictures of wild animals; stars.

Characteristics of units

The class includes over 10,000 species belonging to 40 orders. The classification of birds has been revised several times and continues to be developed. According to the classification of the International Union of Ornithologists, the subclasses Ratites (6 orders) and New palatines (34 orders) are distinguished.

Ostriformes or Ostriformes belong to the subclass Ratites. Large birds live in the open landscapes of Australia, Africa, and South America. They don't fly, but they run very fast. The African ostrich is the largest modern bird. The height of an adult is up to 2 m, weight is up to 75 kg.

The subclass New Palatines is a large group of orders of birds inhabiting various natural zones and landscapes. Representatives of the order Penguins or Penguinaceae are flightless birds that can swim and dive well. They live in the coastal waters of Antarctica, Australia, South America, South Africa, and the islands of the Southern Hemisphere. Penguins eat fish and shellfish and breed on the coast. The richest in species is the order Passeriformes (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Tit

Table 1.

Comparative characteristics of bird orders belonging to different groups

Birds belonging to different orders, but having similar adaptations to environmental conditions and similar behavior, are combined into ecological groups. Ecological groups are distinguished by habitat, feeding and nesting methods. Ecological groups by habitat: birds of ponds, swamps, forests, open spaces.

Based on their feeding method, birds belong to the following ecological groups:

• herbivores (finches, siskins, thrushes, waxwings (Fig. 4);
• insectivores (tits, woodpeckers, rubots);
• raptors (falcons, hawks, eagles, owls);
• scavengers (vultures).

Rice. 4. Waxwing

External structure

Features of the external structure of birds:

1. Streamlined body shape.
2. Division of the body into head, neck, torso, tail and limbs (Fig. 5).
3. Transformation of forelimbs into wings.
4. Feather cover.

Rice. 5. External structure of the rock pigeon

Veils

Feathers are light, non-wetting horny formations. In the structure of the feather, there is a hollow rod with a base - the edge, and fans located on both sides of the rod (Fig. 6). The barbules of the first and second order are horny plates extending from the shaft, equipped with hooks.

Rice. 6. Bird feather

Musculoskeletal system

Rice. 7. Skeleton of the rock pigeon: 1 - lower jaw; 2 - upper jaw; 3 - cerebral part of the skull; 4 - cervical spine; 5 - shoulder; 6 - forearm; 7 — buckle; 8 - phalanges of fingers; 9 - shoulder blade; 10 - ribs; 11 - complex sacrum; 12 - caudal spine; 13 - coccygeal bone; 14 - thigh; 15 - lower leg; 16 — shank; 17 - phalanges of fingers; 18 - sternum; 19 - keel of the sternum; 20 - coracoid; 21 - clavicles (fork)

Table 2.

Bird skeletal structure

Brief description of birds according to plan

Let's describe the birds shown in the picture according to plan.

Woodpecker:

• woodpecker;
• medium size;
• The feathers of the bird are painted white on the body. Several red feathers can be seen in the tail area and on the head. The wings, tail and head of the bird are painted in black shades;
• The woodpecker has a long and strong beak, which allows it to punch holes in tree trunks.

Sparrow:

• sparrow;
• small;
• the bird is painted brown. She has a collar of black feathers on her chest. The bird's abdomen is colored gray;
• features: this bird has a relatively small body size compared to other birds.

Duck:

• duck;
• big;
• The duck's belly is gray. The drake's head is usually green. On the wings you can see feathers of bluish and black colors, and on the chest - brown feathers;
• The green color of the head and the long yellow beak make the duck stand out from other birds. In addition, her paws have membranes that allow her to move in the water.

Owl:

• owl;
• big;
• The owl's feathers are colored in variegated shades. Her body has gray and brown colors;
• features: the owl has beautifully highlighted eyes. There seem to be circles around them, which make the bird’s gaze more expressive.

Martin:

• martin;
• medium size;
• The swallow's feathers on the back, tail, wings and head are black. The bird's abdomen is painted white. Several red feathers can be seen on the neck;
• features: the swallow has a rather interesting tail shape. It is divided into two parts and resembles a slingshot in appearance.

Tit:

• tit;
• small;
• The bird's wings are painted in blue-green shades. On its head and belly you can see a stripe of black feathers. The bird's cheeks are painted white. The tit's breast is yellow;
• Features: tits have a yellow breast, which makes it easy to distinguish them from other birds.

Make up a fairy tale based on this drawing.

Answer:

Internal structure

Table 3.

Organ systems and organs of birds

Digestive system

The digestive system of birds consists of the same sections and organs as those of other vertebrates. Birds consume large amounts of food and digest it quickly.

The goiter is an enlarged part of the esophagus in which food is wetted and softened. In the gizzard, food is ground using specially swallowed pebbles. The pancreatic ducts and bile ducts open into the small intestine.

Rice. 9. Internal structure of birds

Nervous system

In the nervous system of birds, the forebrain hemispheres and the cerebellum are highly developed (Fig. 10). The behavior of birds is more complex than that of reptiles; they easily develop conditioned reflexes.

Rice. 10. Nervous system

Respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of the airways and lungs. Some branches of the bronchi form large thin-walled air sacs inside the body. They reduce body density and are involved in respiration.

Rice. 11. Diagram of the bird's respiratory system

Circulatory system

Birds have a four-chambered heart, consisting of the left and right atria, left and right ventricles. The right and left halves do not communicate with each other, so arterial and venous blood do not mix. Birds have two circles of blood circulation (Fig. 12).

Large circle: left ventricle of the heart → body → right atrium.

Small circle: right ventricle of the heart → lungs → left atrium.

Rice. 12. Poultry circulatory system

Excretory system

Excretory organs are paired kidneys. The urine formed in them flows down the ureters into the cloaca and, together with undigested food debris, is released out. Birds do not have a bladder.

Reproduction

Sexual dimorphism - the difference between females and males - in birds is manifested in body size, color and plumage structure (Fig. 13).

Rice. 13. Sexual dimorphism in domestic chickens

Birds are dioecious animals with internal fertilization. The reproductive organs of males are the testes, from which vas deferens extend, opening into the cloaca. Females have one left ovary and a well-developed oviduct, which also enters the cloaca.

Fertilization occurs in the upper part of the oviduct. The egg passing through the oviduct is covered with a thick layer of protein and other membranes (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Structure of a bird egg

Functions of egg parts

The bird usually lays a fertilized egg in a nest and incubates it. Chicks that are born almost naked, blind and helpless are called chicks or nestlings (Fig. 15). They need heating and feeding. Chicks that are born covered with thick down are brood chicks.

Rice. 15. Nest chicks

The embryo develops in the egg at a temperature of 37–39°C and high humidity. Towards the end of development, the chick breaks through the shell using a horny tubercle on its beak and comes out.

Large birds build buildings in trees (rooks, jackdaws, magpies, eagles). Pigeons and swallows make nests under the roofs of houses, larks - on the ground. Woodpeckers and bluebirds settle in hollows. The eggs are usually incubated by females. Caring for the offspring after the chicks hatch is manifested in the form of feeding, heating and protection.

Practical work

Consider the bird's feathers.
Study their structure. Answer:

Bird feathers are very interesting to look at. They are different for all birds. Features may include the design, color, shape and length of the feather. For example, a goose's feather is white. It has an elongated shape. In the old days, quills helped people write letters as they served as pens.

Name these birds. Find out birds unknown to you with the help of an identification atlas. Test yourself on p. 90.

Answer:

The following birds are drawn in the picture: woodpecker, sparrow, duck, owl, swallow and tit.

You can read more information about them in the identification atlas on the pages dedicated to birds.

To check if you have identified the birds correctly, look at this picture:

Orally describe one of the birds according to the plan:

• name, sizes (large, medium, small);
• plumage color;
• features of body parts (for example, beak, eyes, tail).

Answer:

The importance of birds in nature and human life

Many birds eat insects and mouse-like rodents - pests of agriculture and forestry, carriers of dangerous pathogens of plants, animals and humans. Birds provide benefits by helping to pollinate flowers. Birds eat fruits and seeds and regulate plant numbers. The birds themselves are food for other animals (reptiles, mammals).

Some bird species are objects of commercial and sport hunting. These are representatives of the order Galliformes (pheasant, black grouse, hazel grouse), birds of ponds and marshy places (duck, goose, corncrake, grebes, snipe).

Scheme 2.

The importance of birds in nature and human life

Game and domestic birds are a source of meat, eggs, feathers and down for humans. Bird droppings are used as organic fertilizer. Poultry (chickens, geese, ducks, turkeys) are bred for their tasty dietary meat, eggs, and fluff. Breeds of chickens characterized by increased egg production have been selected. Quails, guinea fowl, and ostriches are grown at home and bred on industrial farms.